Risks and rewards.

The role of cognitive effort in subjective reward devaluation and risky decision-making

Motivation is underpinned by cost-benefit valuations where costs-such as physical effort or outcome risk-are subjectively weighed against available rewards. However, in many environments risks pertain not to the variance of outcomes, but to variance in the possible levels of effort required to obtain rewards (effort risks). Moreover, motivation is often guided by the extent to which cognitive-n...

Effect of Gun Carrying on Perceptions of Risk Among Adolescent Offenders.

OBJECTIVES We observed how perceptions of risks, costs, crime rewards, and violence exposure change as individual gun-carrying behavior changes among high-risk adolescents. METHODS We analyzed a longitudinal study (2000-2010) of serious juvenile offenders in Maricopa County, Arizona, or Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, assessing within-person changes in risk and reward perceptions, and viol...

Balancing Risks and Rewards: How Attitudinal Ambivalence Influences Information-Processing and Decision-Making About Emerging Technologies

Risk and Volatility: Econometric Models and Financial Practice

The advantage of knowing about risks is that we can change our behavior to avoid them. Of course, it is easily observed that to avoid all risks would be impossible; it might entail no flying, no driving, no walking, eating and drinking only healthy foods and never being touched by sunshine. Even a bath could be dangerous. I could not receive this prize if I sought to avoid all risks. There are ...

Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards on Employee Engagement (Empirical Study in Public Sector of Uganda)

Considerable attention has been given to the identification of key forms of reward and its linkage to employee engagement. For this purpose following study aims to uncover the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards on employee engagement in the public sector of Uganda. A sample of 184 public sector employees was randomly selected and taken from Gulu district. A quantita...

Environmental Decisions for Now through the Long-long Term

The recent quest for primary votes in the state of Nevada led to renewed headlines about radioactive waste disposal at Yucca Mountain. The image of intense debate among the candidates over this issue—in the context of an ongoing war and the threat of terrorism, of a housing collapse, of a potentially declining economy, and of a looming crisis in funding medical care—prompted me to ruminate yet ...